The Effect of ESG and GCG on Financial Performance: The Moderating Role of Firm Size and Leverage Control
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Abstract
This study aims to examine and synthesize the effect of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) disclosure and Good Corporate Governance (GCG) on financial performance and firm value, considering the moderating role of firm size and leverage control. The inconsistency in prior empirical findings motivates the application of a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method based on PRISMA protocol standards. Through strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, 16 reputable scientific articles published between 2021 and 2026 examining listed companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) were selected for synthesis. The results indicate that implementing ESG and GCG generally yields a positive impact on long-term profitability and corporate reputation. However, initial implementation costs pose a risk of depressing short-term earnings if not managed prudently. Firm size is proven to strengthen this positive relationship due to greater resource availability, while leverage acts as a control mechanism that restricts budgetary flexibility when debt levels are excessive. The study concludes that integrating ESG and GCG requires a balance between sustainability allocation, asset scale capacity, and capital structure discipline. Practical implications provide strategic guidance for management and regulators to design efficient sustainability policies without compromising financial stability.
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